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Further information:Salazar was twenty-one years old at the time of the revolution of 5 October 1910, which overthrew the Portuguese monarchy and instituted the First Portuguese Republic. The political institutions of the First Republic lasted until 1926, when it was replaced by a military dictatorship. This was first known as the 'Ditadura Militar' (Military Dictatorship) and then, from 1928, as the ' (National Dictatorship).The era of the First Republic has been described as one of 'continual anarchy, government corruption, rioting and pillage, assassinations, arbitrary imprisonment and religious persecution'. Excel 2011 for mac manual formula calculations.

It witnessed the inauguration of eight presidents, 44 cabinet re-organisations and 21 revolutions. The first government of the Republic lasted less than 10 weeks and the longest-ruling government lasted little over a year. Revolution in Portugal became a byword in Europe. The cost of living increased twenty-fivefold, while the currency fell to a 1⁄ 33 part of its gold value. Portugal's public finances and the economy in general entered a critical phase, having been under imminent threat of default since at least the 1890s. The gaps between the rich and the poor continued to widen. The regime led Portugal to enter in 1916, a move that only aggravated the perilous state of affairs in the country.

Concurrently, the Catholic Church was hounded by the anti-clerical of the Republic and political assassination and terrorism became commonplace. Between 1920 and 1925, according to official police figures, 325 bombs burst in the streets of Lisbon. The British diplomat said that he could not describe the 'political background as anything but deplorable. Very different from the orderly, prosperous and well-managed country that it later became under the government of Senhor Salazar'. Salazar would keep in mind the political chaos of this time when he later ruled Portugal.The public discontent led to the, which was welcomed by most civilian classes. At the time, the prevailing view in Portugal was that political parties were elements of division and that parliamentarianism was in crisis. This led to general support, or at least tolerance, of an authoritarian regime.

The new Portuguese anti-parliamentarism was a reaction to previous experience with the system. Liberalism and Parliamentarism may have worked in Great Britain and the United States, but the Portuguese argued that liberalism was inappropriate in their nation and culture. Early path As a young man, Salazar's involvement in politics stemmed from his views, which were aroused by the new anti-clerical stance of the First Republic. He became a member of the non-politically affiliated Catholic movement (Academic Centre for Christian Democracy). Salazar rejected the monarchists because he felt that they were opposed to the social doctrines espoused by to which he was very sympathetic.

He was a frequent contributor to journals concerned with social studies, especially the weekly O Imparcial, which was directed by his friend (and later Cardinal Patriarch of Lisbon). Local press described him as 'one of the most powerful minds of the new generation.' In 1921, Salazar was persuaded to stand as a candidate for election to parliament, though he did so reluctantly.

He appeared once in the chamber and never returned, struck by the disorder he witnessed and a feeling of futility. Salazar was convinced that liberal individualism had led to fragmentation of society and a perversion of the democratic process. Further information:Salazar had lived through the hard times of, in which Portugal participated during the period of the First Republic; followed its course while he was in power. Salazar was widely praised for keeping Portugal neutral during the Second World War.

From the war's very beginning in 1939, Salazar was convinced that Britain would suffer injury, but remain undefeated, that the United States would step into the conflict and that the would win. The American journalist Henry J. Taylor commented: 'I found not another continental European leader who then agreed with him'. Neutrality In 1934, several years before the war began, Salazar clarified in an official speech that Portuguese nationalism did not include 'the pagan ideal and anti-human to deify a race or empire', and again, in 1937, Salazar published a book wherein he criticised the passed in 1935 in Germany, considering it regrettable that German nationalism was 'wrinkled by racial characteristics so well marked,' which had imposed 'the legal point of view, the distinction between citizens and the subject – and this at the risk of dangerous consequences.' Salazar thought regarding World War II, 'a German victory spelt disaster for the rule of law and for peripheral, agricultural, countries such as Portugal.'

Salazar's dislike of the and its imperial ambitions was tempered only by his view of the German Reich as a bastion against the spread of communism rather than an allied nation. He had favoured the Spanish nationalist cause out of fear of a communist invasion of Portugal, yet he was uneasy at the prospect of a Spanish government bolstered by strong ties with the. Salazar's policy of neutrality for Portugal in World War II thus included a strategic component.

The country still held overseas territories that Portugal could not defend from military attack. Siding with the Axis would have brought Portugal into conflict with Britain, likely resulting in the loss of its colonies, while siding with the Allies risked the security of the home country on the mainland. As the price to pay for remaining neutral, Portugal continued to export and other commodities to both the Axis (via Switzerland, partly) and the Allied countries.On 1 September 1939, at the start of World War II, the Portuguese Government announced that the 600-year-old remained intact, but that since the British did not seek Portuguese assistance, Portugal was free to remain neutral in the war and would do so. In an of 5 September 1939, the British Government confirmed the understanding.

Responses British strategists regarded Portuguese non-belligerency as 'essential to keep Spain from entering the war on the side of the Axis'. Britain recognised Salazar's important role on 15 May 1940, when Douglas Veale, Registrar of the University of Oxford, informed him that the University's had 'unanimously decided at its meeting last Monday, to invite you Salazar to accept the Honorary Degree of '. The same Life magazine article of July 1940 that praised Salazar's work on behalf of the Portuguese nation commented, 'this year, for the first time in centuries, Portugal is important to America. It is the funnel through which to pour all the exchanges – of people and messages and diplomacy – between America and Europe.

The war, by cutting the lines of intercourse to Northern Europe, has made Portugal what one might say geography intended – not a faraway corner of Europe but its front door.' In September 1940, wrote to Salazar to congratulate him for his policy of keeping Portugal out of the war, avowing that 'as so often before during the many centuries of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance, British and Portuguese interests are identical on this vital question.' , the British Ambassador in Madrid from 1940 to 1944, recognised Salazar's crucial role in keeping Iberia neutral during World War II, and lauded him for it. Hoare averred that 'Salazar detested Hitler and all his works' and that his corporative state was fundamentally different from a Nazi or fascist state, with Salazar never leaving a doubt of his desire for a Nazi defeat. Historian, a pioneering specialist on the study of nationalism, was the American Ambassador in Spain during the war.

Dicom viewer. He met Salazar in person an

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